Permafrost extent in the Northern Hemisphere. Population, area and economy affected by a 1 m sea level rise global and regional estimates, based on today's situation. Population size of Peary caribou in the Canadian Arctic islands. Projected changes in permafrost Northern Hemisphere.
Projected reduction in snow Projected sea-level rise for the 21st century. Projected temperatures in the 21th century. Projected winter temperature changes in the Arctic. Ratio of existing ski areas in the Alps with natural snow-reliability under current conditions and warmer conditions.
Regional changes in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. Ringed seal pupping lair, with the pup in the lair and the female approaching the haul-out hole from the water. Schematic diagram of glacier, permafrost and forest limits as a function of mean annual air temperature and average annual precipitation. Sea ice concentration change over the 21st century as projected by climate models. Shrinking Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya. Shrinking of Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamirs of Tajikistan.
Temperatures over previous centuries from various proxy records. The Cryosphere, components and world maps. The Cryosphere, world map. Time series of freeze-up and break-up dates from selected Northern Hemisphere lakes and rivers, — Trends in Antarctic tourism.
Trends in Arctic sea-ice extent in March maximum and September minimum in the time period of — Trends in Arctic sea ice extent in March maximum and September minimum in the time period of — Trends in permafrost temperatures and active-layer thickness, Northern Tien Shan mountains.
Trends in permafrost temperatures during the last 23 to 28 years in northern Alaska. Trends in permafrost temperatures in the central and northern Mackenzie Valley, Trends in sea level, Trends in snow-covered area for the Northern Hemisphere Trends in spring snow cover duration for the Northern Hemisphere, Trends in spring temperatures and ice break-up dates in Canada. The snowless period of the year lasts for 5.
The least snow falls around July 16 , with an average total accumulation of 0. The length of the day in North Pole varies extremely over the course of the year. In , the shortest day is December 21 , with 3 hours, 45 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 20 , with 21 hours, 44 minutes of daylight. The earliest sunrise is at AM on June 20 , and the latest sunrise is 7 hours, 57 minutes later at AM on December The earliest sunset is at PM on December 18 , and the latest sunset is 10 hours, 4 minutes later at AM on June The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon.
The vertical gray bars new Moons and blue bars full Moons indicate key Moon phases. We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.
This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector speed and direction at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.
The average hourly wind speed in North Pole experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The windier part of the year lasts for 4. The windiest month of the year in North Pole is January , with an average hourly wind speed of 7. The calmer time of year lasts for 7. The calmest month of the year in North Pole is July , with an average hourly wind speed of 4. The wind is most often from the west for 3. The wind is most often from the east for 8. To characterize how pleasant the weather is in North Pole throughout the year, we compute two travel scores.
Based on this score, the best time of year to visit North Pole for general outdoor tourist activities is from late June to late July , with a peak score in the second week of July. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit North Pole for hot-weather activities is from late June to mid July , with a peak score in the first week of July.
For each hour between AM and PM of each day in the analysis period to , independent scores are computed for perceived temperature, cloud cover, and total precipitation. Those scores are combined into a single hourly composite score, which is then aggregated into days, averaged over all the years in the analysis period, and smoothed. Our cloud cover score is 10 for fully clear skies, falling linearly to 9 for mostly clear skies, and to 1 for fully overcast skies.
Our precipitation score , which is based on the three-hour precipitation centered on the hour in question, is 10 for no precipitation, falling linearly to 9 for trace precipitation, and to 0 for 0. The growing season in North Pole typically lasts for 3.
Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. Based on growing degree days alone, the first spring blooms in North Pole should appear around May 20 , only rarely appearing before May 11 or after May This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents.
Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation. The average daily incident shortwave solar energy experiences extreme seasonal variation over the course of the year. The brighter period of the year lasts for 3. The brightest month of the year in North Pole is June , with an average of 5. The darker period of the year lasts for 4. The darkest month of the year in North Pole is December , with an average of 0.
For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of North Pole are The topography within 2 miles of North Pole is essentially flat , with a maximum elevation change of 52 feet and an average elevation above sea level of feet. Within 10 miles is essentially flat feet. Within 50 miles contains significant variations in elevation 4, feet.
This report illustrates the typical weather in North Pole, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, to December 31, Data source: ERA5.
The annual surface air temperature averaged over the whole Arctic was 2. This makes the second warmest year for the region since at least ; 0. Comparison with four other independent datasets confirms these results, giving similar rankings and anomalies within 2. The Arctic-wide temperature anomaly for was also markedly greater than the anomaly for the entire globe 0. Spatially, the Arctic temperature anomalies were dominated by very large values over northern Siberia and nearby sectors of the Arctic Ocean, such as the Kara and Laptev Seas.
The temperature anomaly map also highlights the contrast between large warm anomalies in the eastern Arctic Eurasia and much smaller anomalies in the western Arctic Greenland, North America. This contrast is one important difference between and , which was the warmest year on record for the region. In , the warm anomalies were more widespread across the entire Arctic region. Figure 2a. Figure 2b. The large Arctic-wide temperature anomaly for as a whole also masks a sharp contrast between the first three months of and the rest of the year [4].
This contrast is reflected in the rankings of the multi-month average anomalies: while the temperature anomaly for January—March ranked only 14th warmest, the anomalies for April—June, July—August and September—November were the largest on record Figure 2. In the Arctic, temperature anomalies in July—August are characteristically smaller than in the other multi-month averages as some of the summer heat is absorbed by the melting process of snow and ice.
Temperature anomalies away from the surface, at hPa about m above sea level , highlight how unusually warm the Arctic summer was in At this level, the air temperature is much less influenced by surface processes such as melting. The July—August anomaly for clearly stands above all those recorded since
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