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List of terms related to Sinus venosus. The sinus venosus is the large quadrangular cavity located between the two venae cavae in the embryonic human heart. Get help. GPnotebook no longer supports Internet Explorer. To ensure the site functions as intended, please upgrade your browser. Microsoft is encouraging users to upgrade to its more modern Edge browser for improved security and functionality. This site is intended for healthcare professionals.
Sign in. Sign in Register. By the fourth week of development, it receives blood from the three sets of veins; on each side: anterior and posterior cardinal veins via the common cardinal vein umbilical vein vitelline vein These veins merge on each side to form the sinus horns which enter the sinus venosus. This term is unambiguous and fits both the anatomical and electrical changes observed in the sinus venosus.
However, this term is more widely associated with Ebstein's malformation in which the right ventricle becomes atrialised by the apical displacement of the inferior leaflet of the tricuspid valve Radford et al. Therefore, it is more practical to continue using the term incorporation for the changes to the sinus venosus, as that is the most commonly used description.
The incorporation of the sinus venosus has been defined by different criteria that are derived from different lines of evidence that at times use different terminologies. Anatomical observations have been used for more than a century but, as we show, they have not led to a consensus on what constitutes incorporation of the sinus venosus.
Instead, the strongest line of evidence may be the functional assessment of features such as the presence of a sinuatrial delay, which relates to the sinus venosus systole that precedes the atrial systole.
Unfortunately, precious little data exist on the haemodynamics across the sinuatrial junction in the cardiac cycle.
By the use of Doppler echocardiography in the Burmese python, in which the sinus venosus is not incorporated, we have previously shown that flow across the sinuatrial valve has two components, an early passive component and a later active component Jensen et al. This is analogous to the passive and active filling of the ventricles. We are not aware of Doppler echocardiography studies on the sinuatrial junction of mammals, but such studies could settle whether the sinus venosus is incorporated in the setting of a persisting large sinuatrial valve.
When the sinuatrial valve is much reduced, such as in the adult human heart, the sinus venosus can be considered to be incorporated. We propose that the most operational criterion for sinus venosus incorporation is the loss of a sinuatrial delay which can be, but is not always, accompanied by an anatomical loss of sinuatrial valve competence for at least, the right superior caval vein.
All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved it for publication. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List J Anat v. J Anat. Published online Mar Jaeike W. Faber , 1 Bastiaan J.
Moorman , 1 Vincent M. Christoffels , 1 and Bjarke Jensen 1. Bastiaan J. Antoon F. Vincent M. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Bjarke Jensen, Email: ln. Corresponding author. E: ln. Accepted Jan This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract The sinus venosus is a cardiac chamber upstream of the right atrium that harbours the dominant cardiac pacemaker. Keywords: development, evolution, heart, sinuatrial valve. Introduction The sinus venosus, or systemic venous sinus, is the cardiac chamber with myocardial walls located upstream of the right atrium in tetrapods and the single atrium in fish. Methods Literature search The four lines of evidence that support incorporation of the sinus venosus, i.
In situ hybridisation Hearts of a mice from embryonic day Electrophysiology Embryonic day Results Ontogeny The key features of sinus venosus incorporation in development are schematised in Fig. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Terminology The term incorporation implies that the sinus venosus and the atrium become a single structure. Discussion The incorporation of the sinus venosus has been defined by different criteria that are derived from different lines of evidence that at times use different terminologies.
Conclusion We propose that the most operational criterion for sinus venosus incorporation is the loss of a sinuatrial delay which can be, but is not always, accompanied by an anatomical loss of sinuatrial valve competence for at least, the right superior caval vein. Conflicts of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Author contributions J. Acknowledgements B. J Clin Invest , — Proc Zool Soc London , — Cardiol Young 25 , — Am J Cardiol 87 , — Prog Biophys Mol Biol , 1— J Mol Cell Cardiol , — Circ Res 98 , — J Anat 65 , — Echocardiography 12 , — Anat Rec , — Acta Anat 74 , — Pediatr Res 57 , — Genes Dev 21 , — Biochim Biophys Acta , — J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 1 , 14— Biol Rev 89 , — Sci Rep 7 , J Anat Physiol 41 , —
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