This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors. Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Academic Editor: Runjan Chetty. Received 09 Apr Revised 05 Jun Accepted 07 Jun Published 19 Jun Abstract Background.
Introduction Phenotypic presentation of the organism is determined by its genotype structure. Materials and Methods A case control study design was used with collection of data for age, sex, ABO, and Rh blood type with the inclusion criteria for case being the squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in the histology at Acharya Tulsi Regional Cancer Treatment and Research Centre, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner India , from January to December Results The distribution of blood groups in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients was 98 Table 1.
Table 2. Chi-square test value and significance of ABO blood group and Rh status. Values in parentheses are percentages. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Hardy-Weinberg model for ABO blood group. References J. Henderson, V. Seagroatt, and M. View at: Google Scholar C. Karakousis, E. Evlogimenos, and O. View at: Google Scholar A. Aminian, R. Mirsharifi, A.
Alibakhshi, Z. Khorgami, H. Dashti, and S. View at: Google Scholar M. Nakao, K. Matsuo, S. Hosono et al. Yamamoto, H. Clausen, T. White, J. Marken, and S. Kermarrec, F. Roubinet, P. Apoil, and A. Flegel and F. Mueller-Eckhardt and V. The body produces a wide variety of antibodies that will recognize and attack foreign molecules that may enter from the outside world.
A person's plasma does not contain any antibodies that will bind to molecules that are part of his or her own body. When conducting a blood transfusion, it is important to carefully match the donor and recipient blood types.
If the donor blood cells have surface molecules that are different from those of the recipient, antibodies in the recipient's blood recognize the donor blood as foreign.
This triggers an immune response resulting in blood clotting. If the donor blood cells have surface molecules that are the same as those of the recipient, the recipient's body will not see them as foreign and will not mount an immune response.
There are two special blood types when it comes to blood transfusions. People with type O blood are universal donors because there are no molecules on the surface of the red blood cells that can trigger an immune response. People with type AB blood are universal recipients because they do not have any antibodies that will recognize type A or B surface molecules.
The antigens that are located on the cell surface form the various blood groups. Allele O does not produce any type of antigen. The Rh system or D antigen Like the ABO system, the Rh Rhesus system, also called the D antigen , is based on the absence or presence of a certain antigen on the red blood cell membrane surface: If this antigen is present , the blood cell will be Rh positive and will have no antibodies against this antigen, which is the most common scenario. If this antigen is absent , the blood cell will be Rh negative.
Blood group compatibility Not all blood groups are compatible with each other, there is specific compatibility for both the ABO group and the Rh factor. See all Maybe you may be interested. Leave a comment. I have read and accept the privacy policy. Submit comment. No comments yet. Si continua navegando, consideramos que acepta su uso. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.
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We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Their blood does not discriminate against any other ABO type. Consequently, they are universal receivers for transfusions, but their blood will be agglutinated when given to people with every other type because they produce both kinds of antigens.
It is easy and inexpensive to determine an individual's ABO type from a few drops of blood. A serum containing anti-A antibodies is mixed with some of the blood. Another serum with anti-B antibodies is mixed with the remaining sample.
Whether or not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the ABO type. It is a simple process of elimination of the possibilities.
For instance, if an individual's blood sample is agglutinated by the anti-A antibody, but not the anti-B antibody, it means that the A antigen is present but not the B antigen. Therefore, the blood type is A. Genetic Inheritance Patterns.
We now know that they are determined by genes on chromosome 9, and they do not change as a result of environmental influences during life. The possible outcomes are shown below:.
Both A and B alleles are dominant over O. As a result, individuals who have an AO genotype will have an A phenotype. People who are type O have OO genotypes. In other words, they inherited a recessive O allele from both parents.
The A and B alleles are codominant. Therefore, if an A is inherited from one parent and a B from the other, the phenotype will be AB.
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